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				<h2>7.1 Verilog 显示任务</h2>				<h3><em>分类</em> <a href="../w3cnote_genre/verilog2" title="Verilog 教程高级篇" >Verilog 教程高级篇</a> </h3>
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					<h3>关键词：$display, $write, $strobe, $monitor</h3><p>
Verilog 中主要用以下 4 种系统任务来显示（打印）调试信息：$display, $write, $strobe, $monitor。</p>
<h3>$display</h3><p>
$display 使用方法和 C 语言中的 printf 函数非常类似，可以直接打印字符串，也可以在字符串中指定变量的格式对相关变量进行打印。例如：</p>
<pre>$display("This is a test.");   //直接打印字符串
$display("This is a test number: %b.", num); //打印变量 num 为二进制格式</pre>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://www.runoob.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/v-display-1.png"></p>
<p>如果没有指定变量的显示格式，变量值会根据在字符串的位置显示出来，相当于参与了字符串连接。例如：</p>
<pre>$display("This is a test number: ", num, "!!!");</pre>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://www.runoob.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/v-display-2.png"></p>
<p>如果没有指定格式，$display 默认显示是十进制。$displayb, $displayo, $displayh 显示格式分别为二进制、八进制、十六进制。同理也有 $writeb, $writeo, $writeh, $strobeb 等。</p>
<p>下表是常用的格式说明。</p>
<table class="reference"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><span>%h 或 %H</span></td><td style="text-align:left;"><span>十六进制格式输出</span></td><td style="text-align:left;"><span>%c 或 %C</span></td><td style="text-align:left;"><span>ASCII 码格式输出</span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><span>%d 或 %D</span></td><td style="text-align:left;"><span>十进制格式输出</span></td><td style="text-align:left;"><span>%e 或 %E</span></td><td style="text-align:left;"><span>指数格式输出</span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><span>%o 或 %O</span></td><td style="text-align:left;"><span>八进制格式输出</span></td><td style="text-align:left;"><span>%f 或 %F</span></td><td style="text-align:left;"><span>浮点数 (real 型) 格式输出</span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><span>%b 或 %B</span></td><td style="text-align:left;"><span>二进制格式输出</span></td><td style="text-align:left;"><span>%t 或 %T</span></td><td style="text-align:left;"><span>当前时间格式输出</span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><span>%s 或 %S</span></td><td style="text-align:left;"><span>字符串格式输出</span></td><td style="text-align:left;"><span>%m 或 %M</span></td><td style="text-align:left;"><span>当前层次访问路径输出</span></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>还可以使用转义字符显示特殊字符，例如：</p>
<table class="reference"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><span>\n</span></td><td style="text-align:left;"><span>换行符</span></td><td style="text-align:left;"><span>%%</span></td><td style="text-align:left;"><span>百分号"%"</span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><span>\t</span></td><td style="text-align:left;"><span>制表符（Tab 键）</span></td><td style="text-align:left;"><span>\0</span></td><td style="text-align:left;"><span>八进制代表的字符</span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><span>\\</span></td><td style="text-align:left;"><span>反斜杠"\"符</span></td><td style="text-align:left;"><span>\0x</span></td><td style="text-align:left;"><span>十六进制代表的字符</span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;"><span>\"</span></td><td style="text-align:left;"><span>双引号</span></td><td style="text-align:left;">&nbsp;</td><td style="text-align:left;">&nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>
$write</h3><p>
$wirte 使用方法与 $display 完全一样，只是前者会在每次显示信息完毕后不会自动换行，后者会自动换行。当输出后不需要换行时，可以使用显示任务 $write。</p><pre>
$write("This is a test");
$write("number: %b", num);
$write("!!!\n");</pre>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://www.runoob.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/v-display-3.png"></p>
<h3>$strobe</h3><p>
$strobe 为选通显示任务。$strobe 使用方法与 $display 一致，但打印信息的时间和 $display 有所差异。</p><p>
当许多语句与 $display 任务在同一时间内执行时，这些语句和 $display 的执行顺序是不确定的，一般按照程序的顺序结构执行。</p><p>
$strobe 则是在其他语句执行完毕之后，才执行显示任务。例如：</p>
<div class="example"><h2 class="example">实例</h2> <div class="example_code">
&nbsp; &nbsp;<span style="color: #A52A2A; font-weight: bold;">reg</span> <span style="color: #9F79EE;">&#91;</span><span style="color: #ff0055;">3</span><span style="color: #5D478B;">:</span><span style="color: #ff0055;">0</span><span style="color: #9F79EE;">&#93;</span> &nbsp;a <span style="color: #5D478B;">;</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp;<span style="color: #A52A2A; font-weight: bold;">initial</span> <span style="color: #A52A2A; font-weight: bold;">begin</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; a <span style="color: #5D478B;">=</span> <span style="color: #ff0055;">1</span> <span style="color: #5D478B;">;</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: #5D478B;">#</span><span style="color: #ff0055;">1</span> <span style="color: #5D478B;">;</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; a <span style="color: #5D478B;">&lt;=</span> a <span style="color: #5D478B;">+</span> <span style="color: #ff0055;">1</span> <span style="color: #5D478B;">;</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: #00008B; font-style: italic;">//第一次显示</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: #9932CC;">$display</span><span style="color: #9F79EE;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #FF00FF;">&quot;$display excuting result: %d.&quot;</span><span style="color: #5D478B;">,</span> a<span style="color: #9F79EE;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #5D478B;">;</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: #9932CC;">$strobe</span><span style="color: #9F79EE;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #FF00FF;">&quot;$strobe excuting result: %d.&quot;</span><span style="color: #5D478B;">,</span> a<span style="color: #9F79EE;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #5D478B;">;</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: #5D478B;">#</span><span style="color: #ff0055;">1</span> <span style="color: #5D478B;">;</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: #9932CC;">$display</span><span style="color: #9F79EE;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #9F79EE;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #5D478B;">;</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: #00008B; font-style: italic;">//第二次显示</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: #9932CC;">$display</span><span style="color: #9F79EE;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #FF00FF;">&quot;$display excuting result: %d.&quot;</span><span style="color: #5D478B;">,</span> a<span style="color: #9F79EE;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #5D478B;">;</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: #9932CC;">$strobe</span><span style="color: #9F79EE;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #FF00FF;">&quot;$strobe excuting result: %d.&quot;</span><span style="color: #5D478B;">,</span> a<span style="color: #9F79EE;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #5D478B;">;</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp;<span style="color: #A52A2A; font-weight: bold;">end</span><br />
</div></div>
<p>执行结果如下所示。</p><p>
执行第一次显示任务时，非阻塞赋值与 $display 同时执行，$display 显示赋值之前的变量值，而 $strobe 显示赋值之后的变量值。这正体现了 $strobe 的选通显示特性。</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://www.runoob.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/v-display-4.png"></p>

<p>再看一个例子：</p>
<div class="example"><h2 class="example">实例</h2> <div class="example_code">
&nbsp; &nbsp;<span style="color: #A52A2A; font-weight: bold;">integer</span> &nbsp;i <span style="color: #5D478B;">;</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp;<span style="color: #A52A2A; font-weight: bold;">initial</span> <span style="color: #A52A2A; font-weight: bold;">begin</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: #A52A2A; font-weight: bold;">for</span> <span style="color: #9F79EE;">&#40;</span>i<span style="color: #5D478B;">=</span><span style="color: #ff0055;">0</span><span style="color: #5D478B;">;</span> i<span style="color: #5D478B;">&lt;</span><span style="color: #ff0055;">4</span><span style="color: #5D478B;">;</span> i<span style="color: #5D478B;">=</span>i<span style="color: #5D478B;">+</span><span style="color: #ff0055;">1</span><span style="color: #9F79EE;">&#41;</span> <span style="color: #A52A2A; font-weight: bold;">begin</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span style="color: #9932CC;">$display</span><span style="color: #9F79EE;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #FF00FF;">&quot;Run times of $display: %d.&quot;</span><span style="color: #5D478B;">,</span> i<span style="color: #9F79EE;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #5D478B;">;</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span style="color: #9932CC;">$strobe</span><span style="color: #9F79EE;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #FF00FF;">&quot;Run times of $strobe: %d.&quot;</span><span style="color: #5D478B;">,</span> i<span style="color: #9F79EE;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #5D478B;">;</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: #A52A2A; font-weight: bold;">end</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp;<span style="color: #A52A2A; font-weight: bold;">end</span><br />
</div></div>
执行结果如下：
<p>$display 按照程序结构，执行显示操作 4 次。而此循环语句是在 0 时刻执行的，所以 $strobe 显示的变量值是循环结束时变量的结果，即 i=4 退出循环后 $strobe 才会执行。这就体现了显示任务 $strobe 的时刻显示特性。</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://www.runoob.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/v-display-5.png"></p>
<h3>
$monitor</h3><p>
$monitor 为监测任务，用于变量的持续监测。只要变量发生了变化，$monitor 就会打印显示出对应的信息。</p>
<p>例如:</p>
<div class="example"><h2 class="example">实例</h2> <div class="example_code">
&nbsp; &nbsp;<span style="color: #A52A2A; font-weight: bold;">reg</span> <span style="color: #9F79EE;">&#91;</span><span style="color: #ff0055;">3</span><span style="color: #5D478B;">:</span><span style="color: #ff0055;">0</span><span style="color: #9F79EE;">&#93;</span> &nbsp; &nbsp;cnt <span style="color: #5D478B;">;</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp;<span style="color: #A52A2A; font-weight: bold;">initial</span> <span style="color: #A52A2A; font-weight: bold;">begin</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; cnt <span style="color: #5D478B;">=</span> <span style="color: #ff0055;">3</span> <span style="color: #5D478B;">;</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: #A52A2A; font-weight: bold;">forever</span> <span style="color: #A52A2A; font-weight: bold;">begin</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span style="color: #5D478B;">#</span> <span style="color: #ff0055;">5</span> <span style="color: #5D478B;">;</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span style="color: #A52A2A; font-weight: bold;">if</span> <span style="color: #9F79EE;">&#40;</span>cnt<span style="color: #5D478B;">&lt;</span><span style="color: #ff0055;">7</span><span style="color: #9F79EE;">&#41;</span> cnt <span style="color: #5D478B;">=</span> cnt <span style="color: #5D478B;">+</span> <span style="color: #ff0055;">1</span> <span style="color: #5D478B;">;</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: #A52A2A; font-weight: bold;">end</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp;<span style="color: #A52A2A; font-weight: bold;">end</span><br />
<br />
&nbsp; &nbsp;<span style="color: #A52A2A; font-weight: bold;">initial</span> <span style="color: #A52A2A; font-weight: bold;">begin</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: #9932CC;">$monitor</span><span style="color: #9F79EE;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #FF00FF;">&quot;Counter change to value %d at the time %t.&quot;</span><span style="color: #5D478B;">,</span> cnt<span style="color: #5D478B;">,</span> <span style="color: #9932CC;">$time</span><span style="color: #9F79EE;">&#41;</span><span style="color: #5D478B;">;</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp;<span style="color: #A52A2A; font-weight: bold;">end</span><br />
</div></div>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://www.runoob.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/v-display-6.png"></p>
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	<a href="javascript:void(0);">Verilog 高级教程</a>	</div>
	
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